Key components of the innate immune system in skin are toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are expressed in all innate immune cells, including antigen presenting cells (APCs), epithelial cells and endothelial cells. A few key scientific studies published prior to 2005 were also included to provide a historical context to the evolving role of vitamin A on skin innate immunity and the skin microbiome. Scientific studies published between 20 in the databases of PubMed and Google Scholar were identified using the specific search terms ‘’vitamin A and skin innate immunity’’, ‘’retinoic acid and skin innate immunity’’, ‘’vitamin A and skin microbiome’’, ‘’retinoic acid and skin microbiome’’ and ‘’vitamin A and skin inflammation’’. In this review, we survey current knowledge on the role of vitamin A and its metabolite, retinoic acid, in skin innate immunity and the skin microbiome through examining primary animal and human studies. There is increasing evidence in the literature of the essential role of vitamin A and its derivatives in skin immunity. These defense strategies are in part mediated by nutrients that influence the gene expression of anti-microbial proteins and molecules that enhance skin immunity. The skin functions as a barrier against diverse microbial communities through a variety of immune defense strategies. J2,526,944 Grainger Oct.The skin is the largest epithelial organ and acts as an essential barrier between internal organs and the outer microbial world. References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 777,349 Mitchell Dec.
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